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Repair a split shingle by closing the gap between the two pieces, nailing them to the roof deck, and sealing the crack and nail heads with roofing cement. Shingles that have lifted from the roof can simply be nailed down; seal the nails with roofing cement.
To replace a damaged shingle, pull out as much of it as you can, splitting it along the grain of the wood if need be. Pry up the shingle above the damage to reach the nails holding it down; cut these nails off to the roof deck. You’ll need a tool called a shingle ripper (or a hacksaw blade) to do this. Take care to not damage the roofing material beneath the shingles.
Insert the new shingle and allow it to stick out about a quarter of an inch below the other shingles. Because shingles and shakes come in random widths, you’ll probably need to trim the shingle to fit the space. Leave a quarter of an inch on either side of the shingle so that the wood can expand with moisture changes.
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Ranking third among the U.S. states in area, California has a diverse topography and climate. A series of low mountains known as the Coast Ranges extends along the 1,200-mi (1,930-km) coast. The region from Point Arena, N of San Francisco, to the southern part of the state is subject to tremors and sometimes to severe earthquakes caused by tectonic stress along the San Andreas fault. The Coast Ranges receive heavy rainfall in the north, where the giant cathedrallike redwood forests prevail, but the climate of these mountains is considerably drier in S California, and S of the Golden Gate no major rivers reach the ocean. Behind the coastal ranges in central California lies the great Central Valley, a long alluvial valley drained by the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In the southeast lie vast wastelands, notably the Mojave Desert, site of Joshua Tree National Park
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